A Review on the Efficacy of Ultrasonic and Laser-Activated Sodium Hypochlorite Irrigation at Different Concentrations in Root Canal Treatment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18063/apm.v10i2.867Keywords:
Sodium hypochlorite, Ultrasonic activation, Laser activation, Root canal treatment, Antimicrobial efficacyAbstract
In root canal treatment, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) serves as a core irrigant due to its well-recognized antimicrobial and tissue-dissolving capabilities. However, its clinical efficacy is significantly influenced by concentration, activation techniques, and adjunctive methods. This review systematically examines the differences in therapeutic outcomes among NaOCl concentrations, combined with the mechanisms of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) and laser activation (e.g., Er,Cr:YSGG laser), to explore their synergistic effects. By analyzing relevant literature, this paper discusses how ultrasonic and laser activation enhance NaOCl’s antimicrobial efficacy, penetration depth, and impact on dentin. The results indicate that while high-concentration NaOCl (≥ 5%) excels in tissue dissolution, it carries risks of cytotoxicity. In contrast, ultrasonic or laser activation significantly improves the antimicrobial performance and penetration of low-concentration NaOCl (≤ 2.5%), achieving comparable bactericidal effects to higher concentrations. Therefore, selecting appropriate NaOCl concentrations and activation modalities is critical for improving the success rate of root canal therapy. This review further addresses current research limitations and proposes future directions, including standardization of activation protocols, long-term evaluation of biofilm eradication, and clinical translation pathways.
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