The Function of Bee Venom PLA2 and Its Impact on Immune Responses
Keywords:
Bee venom, PLA2 (phospholipase A2), Enzyme activity, Microglial cells, PhospholipidsAbstract
Bee venom (BV) is the secretion that is produced by a needle device for protecting the bee from an enemy. However, BV has been applied in folk medicine for various diseases because it has many enzymes which contain anti-inflammatory or anti-cancer action. Above all, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a hydrolytic enzyme that cleaves membrane phospholipids and occupies up to 12% of bee venom. PLA2 has been analyzed in great detail. This minireview sets out the latest scientific evidence concerning the therapeutic effects of PLA2 in the context of diseases and provides a detailed description of the mechanisms.
References
Yamamoto K, Murakami M, 2011, Phospholipase A2. Biochemistry, 2011(83): 449–461.
Perez-Riverol A, Lasa AM, Dos Santos-Pinto JRA, et al., 2019, Insect Venom Phospholipases A1 and A2: Roles in the Envenoming Process and Allergy. Insect Biochem Mol Biol, 2019(105): 10–24.
Hossen MS, Shapla UM, Gan SH, et al., 2016, Impact of Bee Venom Enzymes on Diseases and Immune Responses. Molecules, 2016(22): E25.
Chung ES, Lee G, Lee C, et al., 2015, Bee Venom Phospholipase A2, a Novel Foxp3 ＋ Regulatory T Cell Inducer, Protects Dopaminergic Neurons by Modulating Neuroinflammatory Responses in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease. J Immunol, 2015(195): 4853–4860.
Almunia C, Bretaudeau M, Held G, et al., 2013, Bee Venom Phospholipase A2, a Good “Chauffeur” for Delivering Tumor Antigen to the MHC Ⅰ and MHC Ⅱ Peptide-Loading Compartments of the Dendritic Cells: The Case of NYESO. PLoS One, 2013(8): e67645.
Moreira LA, Ito J, Ghosh A, et al., 2002, Bee Venom Phospholipase Inhibits Malaria Parasite Development in Transgenic Mosquitoes. J Biol Chem, 2002(277): 40839–40843.