Trade Interactions between Kazakhs and Russian Expatriates in Tacheng in the Middle of the 19th Century and Their Social Influence
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18063/lne.v3i4.973Keywords:
Tacheng, Kazakhs, Russian expatriatesAbstract
This article focuses on the trade interactions between Kazakhs and Russian expatriates in Tacheng in the mid-19th century and their social impact. Driven by the unique geographic environment of Tacheng and the Sino-Russian Treaty on Commerce in Ili Talbakatai, the two sides formed multiple forms of trade, such as the border market, the operation of merchants and foreign firms, and folk trade, which included livestock products, handicrafts and daily necessities, etc. The study finds that the trade interactions between the Kazakhs and the Russians had a significant impact on their society. The study finds that trade interactions have contributed to the transformation of Kazakh society into a semi-commodity economy, cultural integration, and social stratification, while Russian expatriates have contributed to their economic foothold, cultural diffusion, and adaptation, resulting in a complex relationship of integration and conflict with the local society. This paper reveals the historical picture of multi-ethnic trade interactions on the frontier, and provides some references for understanding the socio-economic and ethnic relations on the frontier in modern times.
References
Wang Di. The Unofficial Russo-Qing Trade on the Eastern Kazakh Steppe and in Northern Xinjiang in the First Half of the 19th Century [D]. Astana. Nazarbayev University,2020.
Editorial Board of Cross-Border Ethnic Studies. Cross-border Ethnic Studies-No.1 [M]. Urumqi:Xinjiang People's Publishing House,2015.
Mamedova M. A page from the history of trade relations between Turkestan and Xinjiang[J]. Northwest Historical Materials,1983(3):45-58.
Jiang Shaomin. Research on China's Economic and Trade Relations with Countries Related to the Belt and Road Initiative: A Case Study of Kazakhstan [J]. Teaching and Research,2017(5).
Li Ning. Economic Development Characteristics, Existing Problems and Countermeasures of Baktu Port in Tacheng Prefecture, Xinjiang [J]. Port Economy,2012(11).
Qi Guanjun, Ma Linjing, Liu Ya. Building the China-Europe Railway Express as an Important trunk Line of the Silk Road on Land [J]. Northeast Asia Economic Research,2024(6).
Li Ning. On the Economic Development Characteristics, Problems and Countermeasures of Baktu Port in Tacheng Prefecture, Xinjiang [J]. Xinjiang Local Chronicles,2012(4).
Liu Baoping, Zuo Zhaoxia. Discussion on Border Trade Settlement Issues in Tacheng Prefecture, Xinjiang [J]. Xi 'an Finance,2006(8).
Li Ning. Economic Development Characteristics, Existing Problems and Countermeasures of Baktu Port in Tacheng Prefecture, Xinjiang [J]. Port Economy,2012,(11):38-41.
Wang Yiping From the "Temporary Trade Contract of Tacheng" to the "Temporary Trade Conditions between Xinjiang and the Soviet Union" : The Process and Review of Trade Negotiations between the Soviet Union and Xinjiang during the Soviet Union Period [J] Journal of Changji University,2008,(03):17-20.
Liu Baoping, Xiu Qi, Wang Yong. Investigation on the Inflow of Tenge from the Baktu Port in Tacheng, Kazakhstan [J]. Xinjiang Finance,2008,(09):49-49.
Zhang Jingyi. Research on Russia's Commercial Trade in Xinjiang in the Second Half of the 19th Century [D] Gansu Province: Lanzhou University,2020.
Ma Qin. The Russian Investigation in Gansu from the Mid-19th Century to the Early 20th Century [D]. Gansu Province: Lanzhou University,2019.
Eliman. Bayidawulite. Countermeasures for Green Barriers in Agricultural Export Trade in Tacheng Prefecture, Xinjiang [J] Factual Truth,2009,(03):64-65.
Xie Xinxing, Yang Chaozong Discussion on Foreign Exchange Cash Payment in Border Trade of Tacheng Prefecture [J]. Xinjiang Finance,1997,(10):32-34+36.
