Discussion on Controllable Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases Based on the Concept of Preventing Diseases in Traditional Chinese Medicine

Authors

    Ziting Deng, Xuekuan Huang Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400020, China College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China

Keywords:

Traditional Chinese Medicine, Preventive treatment of disease, Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, Controllable risk factors, Prevention and treatment strategies

Abstract

With the continuous rise in the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, effectively preventing and controlling their controllable risk factors has become a pressing issue. The concept of “Preventive treatment of disease” in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), originating from the “Huangdi Neijing,” emphasizes the importance of disease prevention. This paper explores the major controllable risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and unhealthy lifestyles, and analyzes the unique advantages of TCM in preventing and managing these risk factors. By integrating methods such as TCM syndrome differentiation and treatment, health preservation, and psychological adjustment, a series of comprehensive prevention and treatment strategies are proposed. These strategies aim to enhance public awareness of the prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and reduce their incidence.

References

Writing Group of the Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China, 2023, Summary of the Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China 2022. Chinese Circulation Journal, 38(6): 583–612.

Hu Y, 2018, Study on the Epidemiological Status and Prevention and Control Measures of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, thesis, Soochow University.

Gao L, Wang L, Cui W, et al., 2018, A Cohort Study of New Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases in the Population with Primary Hypertension in Henan Province. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 33(5): 856–860.

Gong Q, Zhang P, Wang J, et al., 2019, Morbidity and Mortality After Lifestyle Intervention for People with Impaired Glucose Tolerance: 30-year Results of the Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Outcome Study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology, 7(6): 452–461.

Zhu Q, Fu H, 2015, Preventive Medicine, People’s Medical Publishing House, Beijing, 5–7.

Chen X, 2009, On the Core Concept of “Preventive Treatment of Diseases.” China Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 24(6): 701.

Yin L, Wang H, 2012, The Theory of “Preventive Treatment of Diseases” in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Early Prevention of Vascular Diseases. Chinese Journal of Basic Medicine in Traditional Chinese Medicine, 18(7): 793–795.

Mozaffarian D, Hao T, Rimm EB, et al., 2011, Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(25): 2392–2404.

O’Donnell MJ, Chin SL, Rangarajan S, et al., 2016, Global and Regional Effects of Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors Associated with Acute Stroke in 32 Countries (INTERSTROKE): A Case-Control Study. Lancet, 388(10046): 761–775.

Bäck M, Yurdagul AJ, Tabas I, et al., 2019, Inflammation and Its Resolution in Atherosclerosis: Mediators and Therapeutic Opportunities. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 16(7): 389–406.

Kahn SE, Cooper ME, Del Prato S, 2014, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: Perspectives on the Past, Present, and Future. Lancet, 383(9922): 1068–1083.

Ceriello A, 2000, Oxidative Stress and Glycemic Regulation. Metabolism, 49(2 Suppl 1): 27–29.

Hill MA, Yang Y, Zhang L, et al., 2021, Insulin Resistance, Cardiovascular Stiffening and Cardiovascular Disease. Metabolism, 119: 154766.

Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, et al., 2015, Sedentary Time and Its Association with Risk for Disease Incidence, Mortality, and Hospitalization in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 162(2): 123–132.

Villareal DT, Aguirre L, Gurney AB, et al., 2017, Aerobic or Resistance Exercise, or Both, in Dieting Obese Older Adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 376(20): 1943–1955.

Pearce M, Garcia L, Abbas A, et al., 2022, Association Between Physical Activity and Risk of Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 79(6): 550–559.

Rosoff DB, Davey SG, Mehta N, et al., 2020, Evaluating the Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption, Tobacco Use, and Cardiovascular Disease: A Multivariable Mendelian Randomization Study. PLoS Medicine, 17(12): e1003410.

GBD LRI Collaborators, 2022, Age-Sex Differences in the Global Burden of Lower Respiratory Infections and Risk Factors, 1990–2019: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 22(11): 1626–1647.

Pistilli M, Howard VJ, Safford MM, et al., 2019, Association of Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure During Childhood on Adult Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among Never-Smokers. Annals of Epidemiology, 32: 28–34.e1.

Somers VK, White DP, Amin R, et al., 2008, Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease: An American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation Scientific Statement. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 52(8): 686–717.

Mehta A, Virani SS, Ayers CR, et al., 2020, Lipoprotein(a) and Family History Predict Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 76(7): 781–793.

Durrington PN, 2020, Family History and Lipoprotein(a) Contribute Independently to Risk Assessment and Clinical Management. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 76(7): 794–796.

Chen W, Chen P, Yang X, et al., 2024, Recent Advances in Epidemiological Studies on the Association Between Dietary Patterns and Cerebrovascular Diseases. Chinese General Practice, 27(8): 900–907.

Lauder L, Mahfoud F, Azizi M, et al., 2023, Hypertension Management in Patients With Cardiovascular Comorbidities. European Heart Journal, 44(23): 2066–2077.

Jones NRV, Forouhi NG, Khaw KT, et al., 2018, Accordance to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet Pattern and Cardiovascular Disease in a British, Population-Based Cohort. European Journal of Epidemiology, 33(2): 235–244.

Fiuza-Luces C, Santos-Lozano A, Joyner M, et al., 2018, Exercise Benefits in Cardiovascular Disease: Beyond Attenuation of Traditional Risk Factors. National Review of Cardiology, 15(12): 731–743.

Chinese Expert Consensus on Exercise Prescriptions, 2023, Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(1): 3–13.

Zeng Y, Zeng Y, Li L, et al., 2012, The Effects of Long-Term Tai Chi Exercise on Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Risk Factors. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Theory and Practice, 18(12): 1148–1150.

Ding S, Fan T, 2020, Research Ideas on the Development of Exercise Prescriptions from the Perspective of Traditional Sports Healthcare. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2020(7): 3513–3517.

Reed JL, Terada T, Chirico D, et al., 2018, The Effects of Cardiac Rehabilitation in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 34(10 Suppl 2): S284–S295.

Wu N, Bredin SSD, Jamnik VK, et al., 2021, Association Between Physical Activity Level and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents Living With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 20(1): 62.

Ge L, Sadeghirad B, Ball GDC, et al., 2020, Comparison of Dietary Macronutrient Patterns of 14 Popular Named Dietary Programmes for Weight and Cardiovascular Risk Factor Reduction in Adults: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomised Trials. BMJ, 369: m696.

Shen J, Ma H, Xu H, et al., 2014, Overview and Prospect of Research on ‘Preventive Treatment of Diseases’ in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Shizhen Guoyi Guoyao, 25(6): 1468–1470.

Wei Y, Fang K, Xie C, et al., 2024, A Follow-Up Study on Early Death and Its Influencing Factors Among High-Risk Populations of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases in Beijing. Chinese Journal of Prevention and Control of Chronic Diseases, 32(6): 428–433.

Zhang X, Bai X, 2024, Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases Entering the Era of Simultaneous Treatment of Brain and Heart. Health News, 2024: 4.

Wu Y, Jia Z, Chang L, et al., 2019, Research on the Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Diseases Guided by the Theory of Channels and Collaterals and Ying and Wei in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae, 25(1): 1–10.

Hu Y, Wang H, 2021, Applied Research on Qi Po Sheng Mai Granules in the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation Based on the Theory of ‘Preventive Treatment of Diseases’ in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Chinese Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 35(10): 723–724.

Smilowitz NR, Berger JS, 2020, Perioperative Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and Management for Noncardiac Surgery: A Review. JAMA, 324(3): 279–290.

Hu SS, 2023, Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China 2021: An Updated Summary. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology, 20(6): 399–430.

Downloads

Published

2025-02-27